Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Euthanasia - Essay Example Euthanasia can be the choice of the an individual and may be unassisted or assisted, by physicians, family, or friends. However, it should be clear that all variations of euthanasia have been deemed illegal in most locations. Suicide has always been a controversial issue. The moral beliefs of certain popular ideologies deem suicide a great sin, which can lead to the mindset that if you suffer greatly then you probably deserve to and when you die, that is when you were meant to. However, that thinking is not shared by everyone and to impose that mentality and force people to suffer until natural death occurs can be quite unfair. Euthanasia brings up many questions of ethics, morality, personal beliefs, and rights to individual autonomy. Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making, by Timothy E, Quill, is a fantastic example of situation where euthanasia has becomes a real consideration. The case study, told from the doctor’s point of view, is a very moving story involving a physician’s relationship with a particular patient, Diane, who is suffering from leukemia and has optioned to not undergo treatment; she is planning to die with dignity and has decided to take her own life (Quill 692). Doctor Quill’s justification throughout the whole process was supportive of, though not necessarily in agreement with, her decisions. He had worked in a hospice in the past, and he knew the kind of death that awaited her should the treatment not work. He also knew that the treatments available to her had a long list of unpleasant consequences that would diminish the quality of her life considerably. He had the practical experiences to sympathize with her position. He acknowledged that she passed all of the psychiatric competency tests to verify her mental state. She was informed of all of her options concerning treatments, interventions, statistical realities, and had made an informed decision of her own free will. Dr. Quill’s thinkin g throughout seemed to parallel with a utilitarian position. He considered Diane’s options; he weighed the stress upon her family, the quality of her life, however shortened, against all of the alternatives. He justified his logic by believing that the greatest good and least amount of harm would be achieved by supporting and endorsing her choices. He even went so far as to direct her to a reliable source to learn how to end her life successfully. Although, certain kinds of euthanasia are potentially unethical, and each individual should, probably, be best considered on an individual basis. In cases, like Diane’s, when she is making the informed choice concerning her own being then would it not be unethical to impose an alternative upon her or discredit her right to make her own choices. Dr. Quill described Diane as a string and forthright lady and he has no reason to deem her decision incompetent in any way (Quill 293). Besides it is unethical to question someone†™s competence simply because their choice differ from what you consider the â€Å"correct† choice. However, if the same person chose the course of action that agreed with you own then you would never question their competence; of course, they are competent, they agree with you. I think that Dr. Quill made a wholly ethical decision based on his perceived perspective of attempting to promote the greater good and least harm in a completely un-ideal

The significance of budgeting in a non-profit organization

The significance of budgeting in a non-profit organization Introduction Budgeting is enormously significant in a non-profit making organization. A profit enterprise centralizes on maximum the profits and shareholder value, whereas, a non-profit organization is focus on their goals. Deficient of financial flexibility always appear in a not-for-profit association as they are not undertake an exchange transaction, they just provide social service and their funds is rely on the donation. There will be a disaster for them if the demands for the social service are increased because their resources may be not enough to deal with and it is hard to predict the demand from year to year. Hence, they will emphasis on manage resources, most non-profit making organizations are using zero based budgeting rather than incremental budgeting, because it presents every decision package in detail so that zero based budgeting can serves as a tool for systematically examining and perhaps abandoning any unproductive projects(Drury,2008,P.375). Zero-based budgeting is a method of planning and decision making which seek to overcome the deficiencies in traditional budgeting. In traditional budgeting, the organization will take the existing operations as a base to prepare a new budgeting (what has been already spent is automatically allowed). The base will alter for the changes that forecast to happen in the next period and plus changes for the inflation. By contrast, zero-based budgeting begins with zero bases in every period as if the activities were beginning like the first time. This method requires all manager demonstrate the suggest budgets in complete detail such as how many worker are needed, what material will purchase, what difficulties will occur when implement the activities and so on and illustrate why these budgets the organization should be spend on. Then the management ought to prioritize all budget bases on the importance of the needs, it can merge all old and new budgets into one ranking that permit top management to contrast and estimate the needs of each budget and make funding allocation. Zero-based budgeting helps managers to classify the activities which should continue, which should withdraw and which should concentrate on. Furthermore, zero-based budgeting can compare different departments which can help the management more easily to ranking each activity. About the Company The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong (SBHK) is a non-profit making organization. During 1960, it was established and using the name of Suicide Prevention Society. It was no other similar organization established in Asian, they are the fist one. They renamed the organization as The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong in 1963. During 70s, SBHK offered services by two languages which are Cantonese and English. SBHK is non-religious in nature. Their missions are on humanitarian basis, to befriend, people that are facing difficulties or are forlorn and disheartened, and then help them to rebuild their confidence. In addition, they will organize seminars, talks, education programme to publicize and further the spirit of their service in the society. Furthermore, they will help South East Asia and near region to set up organizations with a character and mission similar to them. How zero based budgeting could be used at the organization? The objective of the activity The objectives of suicide crisis intervention centre are to provide 24 hours core services to those have high and moderate suicide intention people. Also, they will offer intensive counseling, arrange different types of therapeutic and support volunteer teams. Furthermore, they will share the experience to public and via the training, media and advisory service to develop the awareness of knowledge that how to identify and handle the suicide problems. What extent are objective achieved We can see that from the annual reports that the objective achieve is successful, their organization is become more big each year, and the figures of using the service is increase every year which means that their effort is success, because many suicide people look for them to asking a help, it may decrease the number of suicide. How is the achievement measured There are some measure methods to evaluate the achievement. For instance, the overall statistics of services which can show how many people have used the service during the year, we can see that the main user group is by phone call, it almost have around 70% of total services. The other main measurement is the figures about suicide in Hong Kong. Because their aim is to reduce suicide in Hong Kong, the figures can illustrate that how many people committed suicide each year. It is easy to see that if the figures are decreased within the year, the activities were successful and vice versa. Alternative ways to meet objective They also have other way to achieve the objective which is life education centre. The works of life education is organize the education programmes such as workshops, talks, follow-up groups, volunteers training course, publications and suicide prevention resources library to reduce and prevent suicide and broadcast the message of life cherishment to public. Also, there are some other organizations that have work on the same objective, for example, International Association for Suicide Prevention, Befrienders International and etc. Most cost effective alternative This is a non-profit making organization, the funding is limited, and therefore cost effective is very important. The most cost effective method is to recruit more volunteer workers which are free workers, it can save much money. Impact of discontinuing the activity If discontinuing this activity, it will be some problems appear. Some people may have already use this service for a long time, but suddenly closing the activity will make them loss the support, then may suicide again. Moreover, discontinuing the activity will lead the existing user change to other organization to look for help, but it may make other organization overload, therefore, they can not help all people, it will result in increase the suicide numbers. The types of activities in this non-profit making organization that is best suited to a zero-based budgeting approach. Decision Packages: There is several decision packages that are now undertake in this activity seeks to win the funding. We are taking two of them to discuss. We can see that the case counseling service will be the best, because it is more matches with the activity objective and more directly reach the goal which is offering intensive counseling. The second package has achieved the goal too, but it is indirectly reach the goal, and it may take a long period to achieve the objective. Therefore, the decision packages ranking is that Case counseling service is the first one and Professional talks/Workshops/forum is the second. The advantages that a zero-based budgeting system may offer to the organization that over an incremental system The main advantage of the zero based budgeting over an incremental system is that it combine budgeting and planning into one process which is focused on analysis of needs, objectives and priorities. In incremental system, the organization tends to use existing budget as a base, then adjust for changes that they predict happen in the next period. But, zero based budgeting requires manager justify all budgets in detail which can help the top management efficient distribution of funds by organization needs, objectives and priorities. Furthermore, it can detect inflated budgets and eliminate wasteful and outdated activities because those activities are not cost-effective operation and it will not be allocated funds. This can encourage manager to detect a cost-effective ways to amend the operations, not like incremental budgeting system that previous activities are automatically allowed. Also, it increase subordinate staff responsibility and initiative for decision-making since not only the manager involves in decision process but also include the lower level staff which can improve coordination and communication in the association. In additional, zero based budgeting capable to discover the chances for outsourcing and helpful to measure achievement of results for service departments rather than incremental system. The problems that might be faced by the introduction of zero-based budgeting The main problems of zero-based budgeting is that deal with vast amount of work and time consuming as it need to collect and analysis a lot of information and demand managers must distinctly realize the operation at different level for prepare budgeting which will increase the training cost. Apart from time consuming, the other problems arise to management is that it is really difficult to judging and prioritize decision package since they have to read numerous packages source, if compress the data down to a acceptable size the significant information may be removed, and have to follow the internal politics, sometimes, they might use personal sense to estimate therefore it is not truly objective. Moreover, the organization may face dishonesty managers who might overstate the results or understate the expenditures. In addition, it is costly to operate because of this budgeting is really complexity and it may focus on short term benefits rather than long term planning. There are more managers participate in the operation as a result of difficult to communicate and manage. Conclusions Zero based budgeting requires a huge resource and staff to run and prepare the budgeting because of the workload is vast. But this method creates a positive outcome such as better management and allocation of resource. The management cans appraise the operation from the viewpoint of in depth study of productivity, output, and cost and so forth. It encourages manager at all levels in the organization to participate in the budgeting progress. Zero based budgeting is focus on efficient of allocation resource and it depends on the manager capacity of persuasion which has to persuade the other management to support. At the end, although zero based budgeting has a lot of benefit when it implement, in this organization. But they do not have that much resource to apply full set of zero based budgeting since they are non-profit organization and the resource is limited, hence, the optimum suggestion is that they can exercise part of incremental budgeting and part of zero based budgeting or just partial implementation of zero based budgeting to solve the resource allocation problems.

Migraine: The Unbearable Headache :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Migraine: The Unbearable Headache I often remember my grandmother lying down on the couch with an agonizing look on her face. At times like these, she'd frequently ask to turn down the volume of anything seemingly too loud, or to dim the lights. Grandma was going through her common, yet terrible incidents of migraine headaches. As a child, I never really understood why aspirin wouldn't help her pain. After all, that's what we all took when we had a headache, and soon enough we were back to feeling fine. Little did I know of her "condition" until, as an adolescent, I experienced, for the first time, what my sisters and I jokingly called, "the grandma episodes." The pain was so terrible I could barely eat, drink, move, talk or see things they way they normally looked. Flashing lights overtook my vision and a nauseating feeling kept me hidden in my totally dark bedroom attempting to make the overall disgust go away. I went from prescription pills that would only relieve the other symptoms, to inhalers that would knock m e out after a couple of minutes. I also tried green apples, stopped drinking caffeinated substances, made a journal, tried breathing exercises, and nothing really helped. So, where was science? Why was it not coming to my aid? Controversies over the origin of migraines, and TV specials regarding what to do about them, would always leave me empty-handed. In time, I came to accept the fact that no one had real answers and that I had to live with my condition the best way possible. But what exactly do "scientists say" is a migraine headache and what does science have to say in contribution to this? A migraine headache is considered a vascular condition that is associated with changes in the size of the arteries within and outside of the brain causing them to throb and spasm. The National Headache Foundation estimates that 28 million Americans suffer from migraines and these occur about three times more frequently in women than in men. A quarter of all women with migraines suffer four or more attacks a month; 35% experience one to four severe attacks a month and 40% experience one or less than one severe attack a month. Each migraine can last from four hours to three days. Occasionally, lasting longer. Studies have shown that per 100 people, about 5.5 days of activity are restricted per year due to migraines.

Criminal Theories Essay

An in-depth knowledge of theories is not required at this level, rather demonstration of knowledge of two of the biological, sociological and psychological explanations for criminal behaviour and how factors such as  negative family influences, lack of education, poverty and unemployment may impact on the behaviour of the offender and how society’s views of criminal behaviour have changed over time. â€Å"I confirm that the work that I am submitting is entirely my own, and I have not copied from any other student or source, unless referenced†. P3 – Describe two theories of criminal behaviour and the factors that contribute to them When looking at crime, it is essential that we explore the definitions of crime and the theories that explain why crime happens and how this affects both individuals and communities. The study of crime is commonly known as â€Å"Criminology†. Criminology originated from many other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, biology, geography, law and anthropology. It is generally accepted that there are three main categories that are used to explain why crime happens. To dive deeper into the theories surrounding criminal behaviour we can  analyse the three main and biggest theories behind a Criminal and their Behaviour: A) psychological models; B) sociological models; and C) biological models. All infer different methods of control and actions. It’s actually difficult to separate the three categories completely as it is generally accepted that all three theories contribute large factors that play a role in the expression of behaviour. Moreover, psychological science consists of several disciplines including biological psychology and social psychology, so psychological principles could be applied across all three domains. However, there are some general principles associated with each of the above three paradigms that would be associated with some specific crime control policies. This results in admittedly narrow definition for each of the categories but it does simplify the discussion herein. Psychological Approaches There a many different psychological models of criminal behaviour ranging from early Freudian notions to later cognitive and social psychological models. I cannot review them all. Instead, there are several fundamental assumptions of psychological theories of criminality (and human behaviour in general) that follow. These are: 1. The individual is the primary unit of analysis in psychological theories. 2. Personality is the major motivational and influencial element that drives behaviour and their actions within individuals. 3. Normality is generally defined by social consensus. 4. Crimes then would result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual. 5. Criminal behaviour may be purposeful for the individual insofar as it addresses certain felt needs. 6. Defective, or abnormal, mental processes may have a variety of causes, i.e., a diseased mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the emulation of inappropriate role models, and adjustment to inner conflicts. Given these six principles to establish psychological explanations of criminal behaviour we can suggest first that traditional imprisonment, fines, and other court sanctions are based on operant learning models of behaviour for crime control. Operant learning models are based on  the utilitarian concepts that all people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain or discomfort. Skinnerian based social psychological theories of reinforcement and punishment are influential in this model of criminal control although the idea of punishment for crime has a much longer history (Jeffery, 1990). Technically speaking, punishments are any sanctions designed to decrease a specific behaviour; thus, fines, jail sentences, etc. are all forms of punishment. However, Skinner himself recognized that punishment was generally ineffective in behaviour modification and that reinforcement worked better (e.g., Skinner, 1966). Actually, a caveat should be applied here. Punishment is effective if applied properly, but unfortunately it rarely is applied properly. Punishment needs to be immediate (or as close to the time the offence occurred as possible), inescapable, and sufficiently unpleasant (in fact the more it is subjectively perceived as harsh the better). Given the judicial system in the U.S. it would be hard to apply punishment to its maximal effectiveness, thus it is not an effective deterrent as seen in the stable homicide rates of states that carry the death penalty. Nonetheless, punishments and sanctions for criminal behaviour are based on behavioural psychological principles. Because harsh forms of punishment do not appear to significantly decrease recidivism rates, other psychological principles have been applied. In terms of cognitive behavioral psychological principles, rehabilitation and relearning, retraining, or educational programs for offenders are forms of psychologically based methods to control crime. These methods are based on the cognitive behavioural methods of teaching an alternative functional response in place of a formally dysfunctional one as opposed to simple punishment. These programs can take place in prisons or outside of the prison and have long been demonstrated to be successful (e.g., Mathias, 1995). So any form of retraining, re-education, or re-entry program is based on psychological principles of criminality and reform. Rehabilitation programs are often rarely implemented in jail or prison however. Many of these programs appear to be especially beneficial for drug and alcohol offenders. Likewise, any form education such as the DARE program and recent efforts to curb bullying in schools are based on these methods. In line with this, changing the environment of the offender such as providing more opportunities would be a psychological behavioural principle designed to cut  crime. In line with other psychological methods are policies aimed at maintaining a visible presence of law enforcement and methods to maintain self-awareness of people in tempting situations. Such methods are preventative. For instance, it has been a well-known social psychological principle that situations that diminish self-consciousness and self-awareness lead individuals to being less restrained, less self-regulated, and more likely to act without considering the consequences of their actions (e.g., Diener, 1979). The simple act of placing mirrors in stores can increase self-awareness and decrease shop-lifting. Likewise, the presence of visible law-enforcement can cut down on substantially crime. Making sanctions and the consequences for crime well-publicized and available to the public is another psychological method to control crime in this vein. Various forms of criminal profiling are based heavily on psychological principles and represent an effort to either apprehend existing criminals or to identify persons at risk for certain behaviour (Holmes & Holmes, 2008). More recently there have been efforts to develop methods to identify individuals at risk for certain forms of deviant behaviour including criminal activities based on personality and social variables. Sociological Approaches Sociological principles and psychological principles of criminality are intertwined and technically not independent. As with psychological theories there are numerous sociological formulations of the cause and control of criminality. For purposes of this paper we will define sociological notions of criminality as: 1. Attempting to connect the issues of the individual’s criminality with the broader social structures and cultural values of public, social, familial, or peer group. 2. How the contradictions of all of these interacting groups contribute to criminality. 3. The ways these structures ,cultures and contradictions have historically developed and evolved. 4. The current processes of change that these groups are undergoing. 5. Criminality is viewed from the point of view of the social make up and construction of criminality and its social causes. Traditional sociological theories proposed that crimes was a result of anomie, a term meaning â€Å"normlessness† or a feeling of a lack of social norms, and feeling departed from a social peer group or departed a lack of being connected to  society. The term was made popular by Émile Durkheim (1897). Durkheim originally used the term to explain suicide, but later sociologists used the term to describe the dissociation of the individual from the collective conscience or the criminality resulting from a lack of opportunity to achieve aspirations or by the learning of criminal values and behaviours. Therefore criminality results by the failure to properly socialize individuals and by unequal opportunities between groups. Durkheim believed that crime was an inescapable fact of society and advocated maintaining crime within reasonable boundaries. A feature of sociological theories is that society â€Å"constructs† criminality. Thus, certain types of human activity are harmful and are judged so by society as a whole. But it is also true that there are other behaviors recognized by society as â€Å"criminal† that do not result in harm to others and are therefore criminalized without sufficient ground, these are the so-called â€Å"victimless† crimes. These include drug use, prostitution, etc. Therefore according to this view if carried to its extreme 100% of the members of a society are lawbreakers at some point. One of the sociological policy methods of crime control would be to advocate for decriminalization of these victimless crimes or at least a vast reduction in their penalties (Schur, 1965). Social programs aimed at socializing children properly and providing support for single family homes are also examples of sociological methods to control crime. There are a number of these programs including care er academies (small learning communities in low-income high schools, offering academic and career/technical courses as well as workplace opportunities). Finally, sociological policies to control crime would enable stronger and harsher penalties to be enforced when regarding serious crimes such as murder, rape, are more effective law enforcement. Again, sociologists accept the reality that crime is a social phenomenon that will not disappear no matter how many interventions are enacted to control it. Sociologists note that of every 100 crimes committed within the United States, only one is sent to prison. A vast number are unreported and of those that are reported only a small portion goes to trial as a result of the victim being too scared to come forward and fear for their social morbidity. If a justice system is to work properly it must be able to rely on its law enforcement system and judicial system to bring to justice and prosecute serious offenders. The purposes of  imprisonment include punishment, rehabilitation, deterrence, and selective confinement. All of these should be utilized where appropriate for the individual (Hest er & Eglin, 1992). Biological Approaches Biological theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is the result of some flaw in the biological makeup of the individual. This physical flaw could be due to (Raine, 2002): (1) Heredity (2) Neurotransmitter dysfunction (3) Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above, improper development, or trauma. Biological theorists would also endorse a harder penalty and better law enforcement techniques for crime control, but there are several methods of crime control that are specific to the biological theories of criminality. I will discuss these briefly here. Psychosurgery: Brain surgery to control behaviour has rarely been applied to criminal behaviour. Certainly much more common between the 1930’s to the late 1970’s there were over 40,000 frontal lobotomies performed. Lobotomies were used to treat a wide range of problems from depression, to schizophrenia. However, while widely discussed as a potential treatment for criminal behaviour a perusal of the literature could not find a court ordered case for a lobotomy as a sentence for a convicted criminal Lobotomies were also used for people who were considered an annoyance because the demonstrated behaviours characterized as moody or they were children who were defiant with authority figures such as teachers. The lobotomy involves separating the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain either surgically or in the case of the transorbital lobotomy with a sharp ice-pick like instrument that was inserted in the eye socket between the upper eyelid and the eye. In this method the patient was not anesthetized, not even children. The psychiatrists hit the end of the instrument with a hammer to disconnect the nerves in the frontal lobe of the brain. Afterwards behaviours were changed, but at a high price as you can imagine. Today the lobotomy has fallen out of favour due medications used to co ntrol behaviour, although some view the use of medications as equivalent to a lobotomy (e.g., see Breggin, 2008). Psychosurgery appears to be an option that will most likely not be put into use due to the stigma associated with it. Chemical methods of control: The  use of pharmacological treatments to try to control crime has been ongoing in two major areas: chemical castration for sex offenders and pharmacological interventions for drug or alcohol addicts. However, addicts can stop the medication and return to use. Sex offenders are closely monitored and there is some evidence that this policy has been efficacious. Sometimes mentally ill people in the criminal justice system been ordered to take medications to treat their mental illness. Other pharmacological interventions to control crime seem plausible and are being investigated, but do not appear to have been widely used. Others: Deep brain stimulation is used for some disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, but has yet been investigated for criminal behaviour. Biological theorists have advocated changes in diet to deal with criminality (Burton, 2002) and better relations between parents. There is also the famous genetic XYY combination that was once thought to be a marker for a criminal type, but as it turned out these individuals were found to be less intelligent or more likely to have learning difficulties as opposed to being criminal types. While there are many studies indicating a connection between antisocial personality disorder or criminal behavioural and heredity, there are no policies being implemented to advocate for selective breeding, genetic testing etc. for criminals. I do not yet envision a policy of genetic testing for criminals as the variables are not stable enough in order to predict with set of gene combinations are predictive of a biological criminal type (Rutter, 2006) alt hough this is certainly a possibility. If the biological model of criminality has any significant effect on policy outside the use of chemical castration for sex offenders, it would be the policy that certain forms of criminal behaviour or certain individuals may not be rehabilitated and the advocacy for harsher and stricter imprisonments or even executions are viable methods of control in these instances. The issue for the community is how to recognize a significant biological contribution to criminal behaviour since genetic testing is unreliable and there are no other physical markers of criminality. It seems that currently in the absence of very harsh crimes like murder and rape one must be recognized as a repeat offender before we can acknowledge a possible innate tendency towards criminality. By that time the damage, which is often irreparable, is done. Perhaps the answer lies in stricter probation and parole practices for first-time offenders. However,  this policy is expensive and tax payers may not support it. The policy mandating convicted sex offenders to be monitored over their lifetime and certain restrictions placed on them is a result of the acknowledgment of a biological predisposition to engage in this crime and therefore traditional forms of treatment or remediation do not appear to be effective. Similar policies might follow with habitual criminal offenders based on the biological theories of criminality. Reference List American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Breggin, P.A. (2008). Brain disabling treatments in psychiatry: Drugs, electroshock, and the psychopharmaceutical complex. (2nd Edition) New York: Springer University Press. Burton, R. (2002). The Irish institute of nutrition and health. In Diet and criminality. Retrieved June 17, 2011, from http://www.iinh.net/health_and_nutrition_articles/diet_and_criminality.htm. Diener, E. (1979). Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 1160-1171. Durkheim, Emile (1897) [1951]. Suicide: A study in sociology. New York; The Free Press. Hester, S. & Eglin, P. (1992). A sociology of crime. London: Routledge. Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2008). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (Fourth Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Jeffery, R. C. (1990). Criminology: An interdisciplinary approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Mathias, R. (1995). Correctional treatment helps offenders stay drug and arrest free. NIDA notes, 10 (4). Merton, Robert K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press. Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley. Raine, A. (2002). The biological basis of crime. In J.Q Wilson & J. Petrsilia (Eds.)Crime:Public policies for crime control. Oakland: ICS Press. Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained.Boston: Blackwell. Schur E. (1965) Crime without victims. Englewood: Cliffs. Skinner, B. F. (1966). The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 153, 1204– 1213.

Picasso

I have studied Picasso work because it is simply spectacular. The way he makes the cubists painting is amazing, he can show more than Just one viewpoint in a single angle which makes the painting that much better because it is like an entire book in a single picture. The layers and colors that express the emotions of this Weeping Woman are shown so clearly. The expression ‘Cry my eyes out' She literally cries her eyes out, they pop out of the eye socket. Cubism is a type of art technique that allows you to see more than one viewpoint of he picture from Just a single angle; so you see the emotions that she is expressing.By 1937 the great Weeping Woman' was established by Pablo Picasso. He made this picture as a representation of a weeping woman living in Spain during the civil war. Picasso was from Spain although he lived in France; he wanted to express his feelings and perspective on how the civil war has affected those living there. The Weeping Woman displays what it clearly s tates, a sad, a weak and worried woman however I believe strongly that there is more to this than Just being sad. The first feature I notice is her eyes.The way the both engage towards the audience as they were looking at someone and telling them to feel her pain as so the people of Spain. As well as this, her eyes seem to be falling out of her sockets, which could suggest that she has been ‘crying her eyes out† this is linked to the civil war reaction that Picasso is trying to show the audience. Following this, it has come to my attention that beneath her eyes are running tears displayed in cold colors, he has used cold lords to imply that this is not warm a warm and cheerful painting, in fact he wants to make her look isolated and alone.The running tears look endless as they have been thee for a long time and have frozen so therefore they have become like freezing icicles leaving her with sore eyes. The woman's mouth is drooping down whilst biting an extremely distress ed tissue at the same time. This action of the Weeping Woman connotes that she is either anxious or nervous, on top of that the coloring of the tissue is the same colors as the tears; this may be because the issue holds many tears and memories she cannot let go of.The coloring of her skin is varied between yellow and green, which could propose that she may be ill or feeling sick, anxious or nervous because of hearing bad news to do with the civil war. This links to her clothing as she is wearing all black, which symbolizes death, and that maybe she will be attending a funeral. Her clothing including her hat suggests that she is very wealthy. Finally the background is emblematic of the Spanish flag, which resents his patriotism to his country, this shows that Picasso still has connections with Spain even though he is living in France.My favorite type of art is Abstract mainly because you can take something so simple and distort it to make it something no one has ever discovered. This is why I truly love the Weeping Woman because in my opinion it displays pure imagination, individuality and a unique interpretation of art seen from his eyes. Following this I also find the Weeping Woman extraordinary because the way he has placed all angles and viewpoints onto a flat piece of paper really makes you stop and think about what he is trying to portray through his work; it doesn't Just present itself it lets you see the portrait from the point of view you like best.My cubist painting could consist of only 3 things. Half of my face would be red for my bad (devil) side and blue half of my face, for the calm chilled (angel) side. And my final point could be a complete dark black background, this symbolizes that there is absolutely nothing there, so there is nothing that can get in my way of what I can achieve. Picasso I have studied Picasso work because it is simply spectacular. The way he makes the cubists painting is amazing, he can show more than Just one viewpoint in a single angle which makes the painting that much better because It Is like an entire book In a single plectrum. The layers and colors that express the emotions of this Weeping Woman are shown so clearly. The expression ‘Cry my eyes out' She literally cries her eyes out, they pop out of the eye socket.Cubism is a type of art technique that allows you to see more than one viewpoint of he picture from Just a single angle; so you see the emotions that she is expressing. By 1937 the great Weeping Woman' was established by Pablo Picasso. He made this picture as a representation of a weeping woman living in Spain during the civil war. Picasso was from Spain although he lived in France; he wanted to express his feelings and perspective on how the civil war has affected those living there.The Weeping Woman displays what it clearly s tates, a sad, a weak and worried woman however I believe strongly that there Is more to this than Just being sad. The first feature I notice Is her eyes. The way the both engage towards the audience as they were looking at someone and telling them to feel her pain as so the people of Spain. As well as this, her eyes seem to be falling out of her sockets, which could suggest that she has been ‘crying her eyes out* this is linked to the civil war reaction that Picasso is trying to show the audience.Following this, it has come to my attention that beneath her eyes are running tears displayed in cold colors, he has used cold lords to imply that this is not warm a warm and cheerful painting, in fact he wants to make her look isolated and alone. The running tears look endless as they have been thee for a long time and have frozen so therefore they have become like freezing Icicles leaving her with sore eyes. The woman's mouth is drooping down whilst belting an extremely distressed t issue at the same tale. Hills action of the Weeping Woman connotes that she Is either anxious or nervous, on top of that the coloring of the tissue is the same colors as the tears: this may be because the issue holds many tears and memories she cannot let go of. The coloring of her skin is varied between yellow and green, which could propose that she may be ill or feeling sick, anxious or nervous because of hearing bad news to do with the civil war. This links to her clothing as she is wearing all black, which symbolizes death, and that maybe she will be attending a funeral.Her clothing including her hat suggests that she is very wealthy. Finally the background is emblematic of the Spanish flag, which resents his patriotism to his country, this shows that Picasso still has connections with Spain even though he is living in France. My favorite type of art Is Abstract mainly because you can take something so simple and distort It to make It something no one has ever discovered. This I s why I truly love the Weeping Woman because In my pollen It displays pure Imagination, individuality and a unique interpretation of art seen from his eyes.Following this I angles and viewpoints onto a flat piece of paper really makes you stop and think bout what he is trying to portray through his work; it doesn't Just present itself it lets you see the portrait from the point of view you like best. My cubist painting could consist of only 3 things. Half of my face would be red for my bad (devil) side and blue half of my face, for the calm chilled (angel) side. And my final point could be a complete dark black background, this symbolizes that there is absolutely nothing there, so there is nothing that can get in my way of what I can achieve.

Free Essays on DISPOSITIONAL STRATEGY

The Dispositional Strategy assumes claims that personality is the set of enduring characteristics innate to the person. Each individual differs in the amount of each particular characteristic they possess; some may have no signs of a certain characteristic and meet all the criteria for another. The defining characteristics of our culture influence people greatly whether they are aware of it or not, they influence our sociability with others and the environment we live in. The majority of dispositional psychologists claim that an enduring disposition is a permanent, inherent element of personality; different from a state which is a temporary condition. Dispositions are not just habits, although they define who we are, they are in no way easy to define. A person’s disposition cannot be determined by observing several acts; their behavior must be stable over time. When I was assigned a random roommate, after just two days I thought she was an aggressive, snobby, typical sorority girl. Yet I could not label her correctly with a certain disposition after only 48 hours. I would have to watch her behavior over a course of time, wait for it to be stable, and then classify her. My first impression of her was completely wrong; once I got to know her I can correctly say she has a sweet, motherly, and proud disposition that I love. What she was like the first few days in our apartment was just a state, a temporary condition resulting from the fatigue and stress of moving in. Jackson, 2 Gordon Allport, the founder of the modern Dispositional Strategy, believed that psychological traits were real attributes of people that served to explain behavior and not just describe it. He spent nearly his entire career researching personality and trying to make sense if it. Allport said that the daunting task of â€Å"finding out what the other person is really like† is very difficult yet you should not throw in the towel. Allport made it easi... Free Essays on DISPOSITIONAL STRATEGY Free Essays on DISPOSITIONAL STRATEGY The Dispositional Strategy assumes claims that personality is the set of enduring characteristics innate to the person. Each individual differs in the amount of each particular characteristic they possess; some may have no signs of a certain characteristic and meet all the criteria for another. The defining characteristics of our culture influence people greatly whether they are aware of it or not, they influence our sociability with others and the environment we live in. The majority of dispositional psychologists claim that an enduring disposition is a permanent, inherent element of personality; different from a state which is a temporary condition. Dispositions are not just habits, although they define who we are, they are in no way easy to define. A person’s disposition cannot be determined by observing several acts; their behavior must be stable over time. When I was assigned a random roommate, after just two days I thought she was an aggressive, snobby, typical sorority girl. Yet I could not label her correctly with a certain disposition after only 48 hours. I would have to watch her behavior over a course of time, wait for it to be stable, and then classify her. My first impression of her was completely wrong; once I got to know her I can correctly say she has a sweet, motherly, and proud disposition that I love. What she was like the first few days in our apartment was just a state, a temporary condition resulting from the fatigue and stress of moving in. Jackson, 2 Gordon Allport, the founder of the modern Dispositional Strategy, believed that psychological traits were real attributes of people that served to explain behavior and not just describe it. He spent nearly his entire career researching personality and trying to make sense if it. Allport said that the daunting task of â€Å"finding out what the other person is really like† is very difficult yet you should not throw in the towel. Allport made it easi...

Westward Expansion Essays

Westward Expansion Essays Westward Expansion Essay Westward Expansion Essay Besides the additional land being farmed by ho mastered, huge ranches were created for cattle raising. Especially in the states of Texas and K nanas, millions Of cattle were herded to the railroad and shipped to the slaughterhouses of Chic ago. A new mining industry began following the discovery of gold on the west coast. Tens of thou sands of people moved, creating future cities like San Francisco and Denver. The completion o f the transcontinental railroad connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts allowing of the shipping of goods across the country. Western farm products like wheat, corn, beef, and poultry were shipped east to feed the growing number borrowers in factories in cities like Philadelphia, Boston, and New York. The increase in land, natural resources, and industry g eve the United States a larger role in the world. Finally, westward expansion secured the United States by pushing foreign pop Were Off Of the continent. By controlling both coasts, the country was protected by the co means, therefore separating it from the other continents. Through the Monroe Doctrine, the UN tied States eliminated European colonization in the Western hemisphere and became its most powerful nation. Through development of industry, the United States was able to grow as a manufacturing and trading power. As industry grew immigrants poured into the land of pop orotund)/ seeking what became known around the world as the American dream. In conclusion, westward expansion was responsible for the increasing variety of geography, population, and industry which shaped the changing United State s during the 19th century. Cattle ranching soon became an extremely popular industry, developing techniques used in the East, which profited those in the West greatly. Along this name time period, railroads were extended further westward, giving a new way of transportation for cattle into markets all across the country. We were able to use this as an opportunity to advance further, creating more efficient ways of life, which was a gain for America. Westward expansion was In fact Just as for without It our lives as Americans would not have the technology for which we withhold today. Westward Expansion By assassinations The Promised Land of North America in the nineteenth century attracted many o the Rocky Mountains through the Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clacks exploration This migration west benefited America in many ways. Through unity and justifying that enterprise. Involved in this treated it as a community project in which the U. S unites itself to work as a whole. For example, families and friends came together as one to build brought unity forth, thus stating that westward expansion was indeed Just. Gain for America. Westward expansion was in fact Just as for without it our lives as